• Heating and cooling 

Temperature and heat 

Temperature :
                          Temperature is measure of  degree of hotness

Thermometer:

                           thermometer are instruments used to measure temperature.

                                      

Ecology

Sea shore community

A sea shore community consists of different animals and plants.Animals such as turtle,sea star,seagull,carbs,shell fish and other organisms.Plants such as seaweed,palm trees and coconut trees are found there.These animals defend their self through special adaptations.Crabs have claws and shells to defend their self,seagulls have fur through which they fly,sea star have soft bodies and have succers,turtles have shells which is known as their helmet so they hide their to defend their self and shell fish also have shells which help them to hide.

Light is a form of energy which can be detected by our eyes.Light enables animals to see so that they can move about,look for food and detect danger.Some animals  such the angler fish use light they produce to look for prey,confuse their predators or attract mates.Other example is that bats have large sensitive ears to help them hunt in the dark

Water is essential to life and it is  present in the environment of every organism.Tropical rain forests are conductive to life because they are warm and  wet.Scientists estimate that more than half of the worlds plant and animal species live in tropical rainforests which cover less than 10 percent of the earths land surface.

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Temperature is the degree of hotness.Most organisms are active at temperatures between 0 degrees celsius and 45 degree celsius.However,some aquatic organisms can remain active at freezing temperatures.At other extreme,certain invertebrates live in hot springs which have temperatures of about 50 degree celsius.The antarctic ice fish has an anti free protien that enables it to withstand the sub freezing temperatures of the seas around antarctica.Pompeii worms live at the hydrothermal vents in the pacific ocean and can thrive at temperatures of up 80 degree celsius.Some desert mammals and reptiles are nocturnal in order to survive the heat of the day.They stay in the their cool underground burrows or in the shade during the day and come out to look for food at night.

Ecology

                                     Pond Community

A pond community consist of different animals such as (koi,dragonfly,water boatman,water scorpion,pond skater)and plants such as (hydrilla,arrowhead,water litty,lotus,duck weed).

Light is an abiotic factor,earthworms do not have eyes but have light sensitive cells which detect changes in the brightness in the surroundings,they live underground.

Arrow head plant leaves are arranged in such a manner ,which allows more exposure to sunlight.

Shedding leaves and hibernating are behavioral adaptations of plants and animals to survive the harsh winters.

Some plants ,if are not subjected to their certain temperature they will not produce any fruits or flowers.

pH (acidity and alkalinity) .Fresh water organisms live in fresh water with pH of about 7(neutral).Marine organisms live in sea water with pH of about 8(slightly alkaline).Plants hydrangea ,when it grows in acidic soil it gives flowers of blue color.

When hydrangea grows in alkaline soil it gives flowers with pink color.

Land organisms take in oxygen from the air while aquatic organisms take in oxygen that is dissolved in water.Fully submerged aquatic plants take in dissolved carbon dioxide in the water for photosynthesis.

The rat tailed maggot can live in badly polluted water because it can get oxygen from the air using its long breathing tube which sticks out of water surface.

Competition is a biotic factor. Organims compete for survival,Organisms which eat the same type of food will compete for food. Competition exists even within the same species.Animals of same type may compete for mates and territories.

Koi fish fighting for food.

Ants  have developed into a highly specialized model of society in which the division of labor depends on the needs of the colony and on environmental and external factors. The colonies have different sizes and are comprised of one or a few queens and a cast of female-sterile workers. Each member is assigned a specific role within the colony and the individual actions are governed by simple behavioral rules. The role of male ants is to mate with the queen. The queen is a reproducing adult female and the founder of the entire colony. She is the only one that lays eggs and usually tends to have a long half-life with respect to the workers. The worker ants are non-reproductive females and are responsible for the tasks in the colony. So, we can find individuals specializing in cutting leaves, defending the colony, taking care of larvae by feeding and washing them, fungus growth- as an indispensable mechanism for getting essential nutrients from food- etc.

There are four main components of a food chain. Antibiotic components describe inorganic variables such as the sun or oxygen that are present in every ecosystem. Producers are the plants which produce their own food from inorganic compounds. Consumers are the animals of the ecosystem that feed on producers for food, either directly as herbivores or indirectly as carnivores. Decomposes are organisms that break down dead organisms to release nutrients into the earth.

There are four different kinds of consumers in an ecosystem. Primary consumers are the herbivores who feed on the producers. Secondary consumers are organisms who depend on primary consumers for food, usually smaller animals such as frogs. Tertiary consumers feed on both the primary and secondary consumers for food, usually larger animals such as birds. Top consumers are the predators of the ecosystem.

In a food chain, the organisms at the beginning are usually smallest in size but largest in number. The organisms at the end are usually largest in size but smallest in number.

Some predators and orey use camouflage to avoid being detected.Camouflage is a pattern or colouring tht disguises an organisms or blend it with its surrounding so that it can hide from its predators.

Eastren coral snake is poisonous s scarlet king snake mimicriescoral snake to fool its predators.

Some animals such as puffer fish can make themselves look fierce and bigger when threatened .

Ecology

                                        Ecology

Ecology the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

Habitat

Habitat is the natural home of an organism where it lives and reproduces.

Population

Population is a grroup of organisms of the same kind,living and reproducing at a given place and time.

Community

Community consists of many pouplations living together in a particular habitat.

Environment

The factors in the surrounding of an organisms which affect its growth,development and survival make up the environment of the organism.

An environment is made up of Biotic and Abiotic environment.

Abiotic environment

is made up of physical factors such as temperature,light,air,minerals,water and pH(acidity and alkalinity).

                                                                 Biotic Environment

is made up of all the lioving things which may affect the life of the organisms in any way.